Product Description
| Product Name | Oldham coupling |
| Material | Aluminum |
| Type | OC16-63 |
| Structure | Setscrew and Clamp |
| Bore size | 3-30mm |
| Weight | 7-450 g/pcs |
| packing | plastic bag +paper box +wooden box +wooden pallet |
1. Engineering: machine tools, foundry equipments, conveyors, compressors, painting systems, etc.
2. Pharmaceuticals& Food Processing: pulp mill blowers, conveyor in warehouse, agitators, grain, boiler, bakery machine, labeling machine, robots, etc.
3. Agriculture Industries: cultivator, rice winnower tractor, harvester, rice planter, farm equipment, etc.
4. Texitile Mills: looms, spinning, wrappers, high-speed auto looms, processing machine, twister, carding machine, ruler calendar machine, high speed winder, etc.
5. Printing Machinery: newspaper press, rotary machine, screen printer machine, linotype machine offset printer, etc.
6. Paper Industries: chipper roll grinder, cut off saw, edgers, flotation cell and chips saws, etc.
7. Building Construction Machinery: buffers, elevator floor polisher mixing machine, vibrator, hoists, crusher, etc.
8. Office Equipments: typewriter, plotters, camera, money drive, money sorting machine, data storage equipment, etc.
9. Glass and Plastic Industries: conveyor, carton sealers, grinders, creeper paper manufacturing machine, lintec backing, etc.
10. Home Appliances: vacuum cleaner, laundry machine, icecream machine, sewing machine, kitchen equipments, etc.
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Can an Oldham Coupling Reduce Vibration and Backlash in Mechanical Systems?
Yes, an Oldham coupling can help reduce vibration and minimize backlash in mechanical systems, making it a popular choice for applications that require precise and smooth power transmission.
Vibration Reduction: Oldham couplings are designed with a three-piece construction, comprising two hubs and a center disc. The center disc, also known as the spacer, is made of a flexible material such as acetal or nylon. When torque is transmitted through the coupling, the center disc flexes, absorbing any misalignment between the shafts. This flexing action helps dampen vibration and reduces resonance in the system, leading to smoother operation and less mechanical stress on connected components.
Backlash Minimization: Backlash is the amount of play or free movement between the mating parts of a mechanical system. In traditional couplings like gear couplings, there can be significant backlash due to the nature of the gear teeth. However, Oldham couplings have a unique design that allows them to transmit torque with minimal backlash. The center disc provides a small amount of clearance between the hubs, enabling smooth rotation without backlash. This characteristic is especially beneficial in applications that require precise motion control, such as robotics and CNC machines.
Overall, the flexible and backlash-free nature of Oldham couplings makes them well-suited for applications where vibration reduction and precise motion control are essential. By reducing vibration and backlash, Oldham couplings contribute to the overall efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of the mechanical system they are employed in.
What are the Maintenance Requirements for Oldham Couplings to Ensure Their Longevity?
Maintaining Oldham couplings is essential to ensure their longevity and optimal performance. Proper maintenance practices can prevent premature wear and damage, reducing the risk of unexpected failures and downtime. Here are some maintenance requirements to consider for Oldham couplings:
- Regular Inspection: Perform regular visual inspections of the coupling to check for signs of wear, misalignment, or damage. Look for cracks, corrosion, or any unusual behavior during operation.
- Lubrication: Oldham couplings may require periodic lubrication to reduce friction between moving parts and prevent excessive wear. Check the manufacturer’s guidelines for the appropriate lubrication schedule and type of lubricant to use.
- Alignment: Proper alignment is crucial for Oldham couplings to function correctly. Ensure that the shafts and hubs are correctly aligned to avoid additional stress on the coupling components.
- Torque Check: Periodically check the coupling’s torque to verify that it is within the recommended operating range. Over-torqueing or under-torqueing can lead to coupling failure.
- Environmental Protection: In harsh environments or applications exposed to contaminants, consider using protective covers or enclosures to shield the coupling from debris, dirt, and moisture.
- Replacement of Worn Parts: If any component of the Oldham coupling shows signs of wear or damage, promptly replace it with a new one from the manufacturer.
- Proper Handling: During installation or maintenance, handle the coupling components with care to avoid any accidental damage.
It is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines and recommendations specific to the Oldham coupling model being used. Proper maintenance practices will not only extend the coupling’s lifespan but also contribute to the overall reliability and efficiency of the mechanical system it is part of.
How an Oldham Coupling Accommodates Misalignment Between Shafts
An Oldham coupling accommodates misalignment between shafts through its unique design, which consists of three main components:
- Two Hubs: Each hub is attached to the shaft of the connected equipment. The hubs have a series of slots around their circumference.
- Middle Block: The middle block fits between the two hubs and has perpendicular slots on its inner diameter. It connects the two hubs while allowing relative movement between them.
When the shafts experience angular or axial misalignment, the middle block slides within the slots of both hubs. The perpendicular slots on the middle block engage with the slots on the hubs, creating a parallelogram linkage.
This parallelogram linkage allows the Oldham coupling to compensate for angular misalignment by enabling the hubs to rotate independently about their own axes. The sliding action of the middle block accommodates axial misalignment by allowing the hubs to move slightly closer or farther apart.
The use of sliding contact instead of direct physical contact between the hubs minimizes friction, backlash, and wear, making the Oldham coupling an efficient and reliable method for transmitting torque while accommodating misalignment.
Overall, the Oldham coupling’s ability to handle both angular and axial misalignment ensures smooth and precise torque transmission between shafts, reducing stress on connected equipment and extending the lifespan of mechanical components.
editor by CX 2024-04-22
China Best Sales Hot Sale D20*L33 Flexible Oldham Coulings Couplings Aluminum Cross Slide Coupling for Servo Motor oldham coupling
Product Description
| Product Name | Oldham coupling |
| Material | Aluminum |
| Type | OC16-63 |
| Structure | Setscrew and Clamp |
| Bore size | 3-30mm |
| Weight | 7-450 g/pcs |
| packing | plastic bag +paper box +wooden box +wooden pallet |
1. Engineering: machine tools, foundry equipments, conveyors, compressors, painting systems, etc.
2. Pharmaceuticals& Food Processing: pulp mill blowers, conveyor in warehouse, agitators, grain, boiler, bakery machine, labeling machine, robots, etc.
3. Agriculture Industries: cultivator, rice winnower tractor, harvester, rice planter, farm equipment, etc.
4. Texitile Mills: looms, spinning, wrappers, high-speed auto looms, processing machine, twister, carding machine, ruler calendar machine, high speed winder, etc.
5. Printing Machinery: newspaper press, rotary machine, screen printer machine, linotype machine offset printer, etc.
6. Paper Industries: chipper roll grinder, cut off saw, edgers, flotation cell and chips saws, etc.
7. Building Construction Machinery: buffers, elevator floor polisher mixing machine, vibrator, hoists, crusher, etc.
8. Office Equipments: typewriter, plotters, camera, money drive, money sorting machine, data storage equipment, etc.
9. Glass and Plastic Industries: conveyor, carton sealers, grinders, creeper paper manufacturing machine, lintec backing, etc.
10. Home Appliances: vacuum cleaner, laundry machine, icecream machine, sewing machine, kitchen equipments, etc.
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Typical Applications of Oldham Couplings
Oldham couplings find various applications in different industries due to their unique features and benefits. Some typical applications include:
1. Industrial Machinery: Oldham couplings are commonly used in industrial machinery, such as conveyor systems, packaging machines, and assembly lines. They help transmit torque between shafts while accommodating misalignment, reducing vibration, and protecting sensitive components.
2. Robotics and Automation: Oldham couplings are employed in robotics and automation systems to connect motor shafts and other mechanical components. Their ability to handle misalignment and their compact design make them suitable for precision movements and robotic applications.
3. Printing and Labeling: In printing and labeling machines, Oldham couplings are utilized to connect rollers and drive shafts. They ensure accurate and reliable torque transmission while allowing for angular misalignment that may occur during operation.
4. Medical Equipment: Oldham couplings are used in medical equipment, such as imaging devices and surgical instruments. Their low backlash and smooth operation are crucial for precise positioning and reducing wear on sensitive medical components.
5. Automotive Industry: In automotive applications, Oldham couplings are used in various systems, including windshield wipers, power seat adjustments, and steering mechanisms. They aid in transferring torque smoothly and maintaining alignment even in dynamic conditions.
6. Textile Machinery: Textile manufacturing equipment often incorporates Oldham couplings to connect spindles and other rotating components. These couplings allow for misalignment while delivering reliable power transmission in high-speed textile processes.
7. Food and Beverage Processing: Oldham couplings are suitable for food and beverage processing machinery, where hygiene and precision are critical. They help connect drive shafts in mixers, conveyors, and packaging equipment.
8. Aerospace and Defense: In aerospace and defense applications, Oldham couplings are used in systems that require reliable torque transmission while compensating for misalignment and vibration. They can be found in various aircraft and defense equipment.
These are just a few examples of the many applications where Oldham couplings play a vital role in ensuring smooth and efficient power transmission and minimizing the wear and tear of mechanical systems.
What are the Maintenance Requirements for Oldham Couplings to Ensure Their Longevity?
Maintaining Oldham couplings is essential to ensure their longevity and optimal performance. Proper maintenance practices can prevent premature wear and damage, reducing the risk of unexpected failures and downtime. Here are some maintenance requirements to consider for Oldham couplings:
- Regular Inspection: Perform regular visual inspections of the coupling to check for signs of wear, misalignment, or damage. Look for cracks, corrosion, or any unusual behavior during operation.
- Lubrication: Oldham couplings may require periodic lubrication to reduce friction between moving parts and prevent excessive wear. Check the manufacturer’s guidelines for the appropriate lubrication schedule and type of lubricant to use.
- Alignment: Proper alignment is crucial for Oldham couplings to function correctly. Ensure that the shafts and hubs are correctly aligned to avoid additional stress on the coupling components.
- Torque Check: Periodically check the coupling’s torque to verify that it is within the recommended operating range. Over-torqueing or under-torqueing can lead to coupling failure.
- Environmental Protection: In harsh environments or applications exposed to contaminants, consider using protective covers or enclosures to shield the coupling from debris, dirt, and moisture.
- Replacement of Worn Parts: If any component of the Oldham coupling shows signs of wear or damage, promptly replace it with a new one from the manufacturer.
- Proper Handling: During installation or maintenance, handle the coupling components with care to avoid any accidental damage.
It is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines and recommendations specific to the Oldham coupling model being used. Proper maintenance practices will not only extend the coupling’s lifespan but also contribute to the overall reliability and efficiency of the mechanical system it is part of.
What is an Oldham Coupling and How Does It Function in Mechanical Systems?
An Oldham coupling is a type of flexible coupling used in mechanical systems to transmit torque between two shafts that are misaligned. It consists of three main components: two hubs or discs and a middle block. The two hubs are connected to the respective shafts, and the middle block sits in between them.
The key feature of the Oldham coupling is the middle block, which has slots on its opposite faces and is connected to the hubs using pins or keys. The slots in the middle block are oriented perpendicular to each other, allowing the middle block to move in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the shafts.
When torque is applied to one shaft, it is transmitted to the middle block of the coupling. Due to the slots, the middle block can slide laterally as the shafts rotate, accommodating both angular and axial misalignments between the shafts. This sliding action helps to reduce the reaction forces and wear that would otherwise occur in rigid couplings when misalignment is present.
Oldham couplings are known for their ability to provide constant velocity transmission even when misalignment exists. They do not have any backlash, which means there is minimal play between the coupling components during rotation. This feature makes them suitable for precision applications where accurate torque transmission and positioning are required.
One of the main advantages of the Oldham coupling is that it effectively isolates the connected shafts from each other, which can help in reducing vibrations and noise. Additionally, it can compensate for parallel misalignment between the shafts, making it ideal for applications where parallel shafts need to be connected while allowing some degree of misalignment.
Oldham couplings are commonly used in various industrial machinery and automation systems, including CNC machines, robotics, printing presses, and conveyor systems. They are particularly useful in applications where precise torque transmission, misalignment compensation, and low maintenance are essential.
editor by CX 2024-04-13
China Professional Hot Sale D20*L33 Flexible Oldham Coulings Couplings Aluminum Cross Slide Coupling for Servo Motor oldham coupling
Product Description
| Product Name | Oldham coupling |
| Material | Aluminum |
| Type | OC16-63 |
| Structure | Setscrew and Clamp |
| Bore size | 3-30mm |
| Weight | 7-450 g/pcs |
| packing | plastic bag +paper box +wooden box +wooden pallet |
1. Engineering: machine tools, foundry equipments, conveyors, compressors, painting systems, etc.
2. Pharmaceuticals& Food Processing: pulp mill blowers, conveyor in warehouse, agitators, grain, boiler, bakery machine, labeling machine, robots, etc.
3. Agriculture Industries: cultivator, rice winnower tractor, harvester, rice planter, farm equipment, etc.
4. Texitile Mills: looms, spinning, wrappers, high-speed auto looms, processing machine, twister, carding machine, ruler calendar machine, high speed winder, etc.
5. Printing Machinery: newspaper press, rotary machine, screen printer machine, linotype machine offset printer, etc.
6. Paper Industries: chipper roll grinder, cut off saw, edgers, flotation cell and chips saws, etc.
7. Building Construction Machinery: buffers, elevator floor polisher mixing machine, vibrator, hoists, crusher, etc.
8. Office Equipments: typewriter, plotters, camera, money drive, money sorting machine, data storage equipment, etc.
9. Glass and Plastic Industries: conveyor, carton sealers, grinders, creeper paper manufacturing machine, lintec backing, etc.
10. Home Appliances: vacuum cleaner, laundry machine, icecream machine, sewing machine, kitchen equipments, etc.
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Can an Oldham Coupling Reduce Vibration and Backlash in Mechanical Systems?
Yes, an Oldham coupling can help reduce vibration and minimize backlash in mechanical systems, making it a popular choice for applications that require precise and smooth power transmission.
Vibration Reduction: Oldham couplings are designed with a three-piece construction, comprising two hubs and a center disc. The center disc, also known as the spacer, is made of a flexible material such as acetal or nylon. When torque is transmitted through the coupling, the center disc flexes, absorbing any misalignment between the shafts. This flexing action helps dampen vibration and reduces resonance in the system, leading to smoother operation and less mechanical stress on connected components.
Backlash Minimization: Backlash is the amount of play or free movement between the mating parts of a mechanical system. In traditional couplings like gear couplings, there can be significant backlash due to the nature of the gear teeth. However, Oldham couplings have a unique design that allows them to transmit torque with minimal backlash. The center disc provides a small amount of clearance between the hubs, enabling smooth rotation without backlash. This characteristic is especially beneficial in applications that require precise motion control, such as robotics and CNC machines.
Overall, the flexible and backlash-free nature of Oldham couplings makes them well-suited for applications where vibration reduction and precise motion control are essential. By reducing vibration and backlash, Oldham couplings contribute to the overall efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of the mechanical system they are employed in.
Are there Industry Standards or Certifications for Oldham Couplings?
Yes, there are industry standards and certifications that apply to Oldham couplings to ensure their quality, performance, and interchangeability. The most common standards and certifications related to couplings are set by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). While these standards might not specifically focus on Oldham couplings, they often include requirements and guidelines that cover various types of flexible couplings, including Oldham couplings.
For example, ANSI B11.20: Safety Requirements for Integrated Manufacturing Systems establishes safety requirements for the design, construction, installation, operation, and maintenance of integrated manufacturing systems. Although not specific to Oldham couplings, this standard may encompass certain aspects of coupling safety.
Additionally, ISO 9001 certification is a widely recognized quality management system certification that many coupling manufacturers strive to achieve. This certification demonstrates a manufacturer’s commitment to producing high-quality products and adhering to rigorous quality control procedures.
When selecting an Oldham coupling, it is essential to check if the manufacturer complies with relevant industry standards and has obtained certifications that demonstrate their commitment to product quality and safety. It is also crucial to consider the specific requirements of your application and whether the chosen coupling meets those needs.
Materials Used in Manufacturing Oldham Couplings
Oldham couplings are commonly made from various materials to suit different application requirements. The choice of material depends on factors such as torque capacity, operating conditions, and environmental considerations. Some of the commonly used materials in manufacturing Oldham couplings include:
- Aluminum: Aluminum is a popular choice for Oldham couplings due to its lightweight and excellent machinability. It is suitable for low to medium torque applications and offers good corrosion resistance.
- Stainless Steel: Stainless steel is known for its high strength, corrosion resistance, and durability. Oldham couplings made from stainless steel are ideal for applications requiring higher torque transmission and operating in harsh or corrosive environments.
- Acetal: Acetal, also known as Delrin, is a thermoplastic material with good mechanical properties. It provides low friction and wear resistance, making it suitable for applications where reduced friction is essential.
- Nylon: Nylon is another thermoplastic material used in Oldham couplings. It offers good chemical resistance and is often chosen for applications with moderate torque requirements.
- Carbon Steel: Carbon steel is robust and cost-effective, making it suitable for heavy-duty applications. It has high strength and can handle higher torque loads compared to some other materials.
- Brass: Brass is a durable metal that offers good corrosion resistance. Oldham couplings made from brass are suitable for certain industrial and marine applications.
The material selection for an Oldham coupling depends on factors such as the torque to be transmitted, operating speed, environmental conditions, and budget constraints. Manufacturers often offer a range of material options to meet the diverse needs of different industries and applications.
editor by CX 2024-03-15
China manufacturer Hot Sale D20*L33 Flexible Oldham Coulings Couplings Aluminum Cross Slide Coupling for Servo Motor oldham coupling
Product Description
| Product Name | Oldham coupling |
| Material | Aluminum |
| Type | OC16-63 |
| Structure | Setscrew and Clamp |
| Bore size | 3-30mm |
| Weight | 7-450 g/pcs |
| packing | plastic bag +paper box +wooden box +wooden pallet |
1. Engineering: machine tools, foundry equipments, conveyors, compressors, painting systems, etc.
2. Pharmaceuticals& Food Processing: pulp mill blowers, conveyor in warehouse, agitators, grain, boiler, bakery machine, labeling machine, robots, etc.
3. Agriculture Industries: cultivator, rice winnower tractor, harvester, rice planter, farm equipment, etc.
4. Texitile Mills: looms, spinning, wrappers, high-speed auto looms, processing machine, twister, carding machine, ruler calendar machine, high speed winder, etc.
5. Printing Machinery: newspaper press, rotary machine, screen printer machine, linotype machine offset printer, etc.
6. Paper Industries: chipper roll grinder, cut off saw, edgers, flotation cell and chips saws, etc.
7. Building Construction Machinery: buffers, elevator floor polisher mixing machine, vibrator, hoists, crusher, etc.
8. Office Equipments: typewriter, plotters, camera, money drive, money sorting machine, data storage equipment, etc.
9. Glass and Plastic Industries: conveyor, carton sealers, grinders, creeper paper manufacturing machine, lintec backing, etc.
10. Home Appliances: vacuum cleaner, laundry machine, icecream machine, sewing machine, kitchen equipments, etc.
/* March 10, 2571 17:59:20 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
How to Identify Signs of Wear or Damage in an Oldham Coupling?
Regular inspection of Oldham couplings is essential to ensure their proper functioning and prevent unexpected failures. Here are some signs of wear or damage to look for during the inspection:
1. Visible Cracks or Deformation: Check the center disc and the hubs for any visible cracks, tears, or deformation. These can be indicators of excessive stress or misalignment.
2. Abnormal Vibrations: Excessive vibrations during operation may suggest that the coupling is not functioning correctly. It could be due to wear in the center disc or improper installation.
3. Unusual Noise: Grinding, clicking, or banging noises during equipment operation may indicate that the Oldham coupling is experiencing excessive backlash or misalignment.
4. Increased Backlash: If there is noticeable play or free movement between the coupling components, it may be a sign of wear in the center disc or worn hubs.
5. Reduced Performance: A decrease in the performance of the machinery or unexpected issues with power transmission could be indicative of coupling problems.
6. Abnormal Heating: If the coupling becomes unusually hot during operation, it may suggest friction or misalignment issues.
7. Excessive Wear on Center Disc: Inspect the center disc for signs of wear, such as grooves, uneven surfaces, or material loss. This may occur over time due to the repeated flexing of the disc.
8. Lubrication Issues: Improper or inadequate lubrication can lead to increased friction and wear in the coupling components.
If any of these signs are observed during the inspection, it is essential to address the issue promptly. Depending on the severity of the wear or damage, the Oldham coupling may require replacement or repair. Regular maintenance and proper lubrication can help extend the life of the coupling and prevent unexpected failures, ensuring smooth and reliable operation in the machinery or equipment.
Differences Between Oldham Couplings and Other Types of Flexible Couplings
Oldham couplings are a type of flexible coupling used in mechanical systems to transmit torque between two shafts. Here are some key differences between Oldham couplings and other types of flexible couplings:
- Mechanism of Torque Transmission: Oldham couplings use a sliding motion between the center disc and the hubs to transmit torque. The center disc has slots that engage with pins on the hubs, allowing for torque transmission while accommodating misalignment. In contrast, other flexible couplings, such as jaw couplings or beam couplings, typically use elastic materials or flexible elements like rubber or springs to transmit torque.
- Misalignment Compensation: Oldham couplings are specifically designed to handle angular misalignment between shafts. They can accommodate parallel misalignment to a limited extent but are not well-suited for axial misalignment. Other flexible couplings like beam couplings or bellows couplings may offer more comprehensive misalignment compensation, including axial misalignment.
- Backlash: Oldham couplings have a small amount of backlash due to the clearance between the center disc and the hubs. This backlash can be beneficial in some applications to reduce shock loads and vibrations. However, other flexible couplings like beam couplings or jaw couplings may have minimal or zero backlash.
- Construction and Materials: Oldham couplings are typically made of materials like aluminum for the hubs and center disc, and acetal or other plastics for the center disc’s sliding parts. Other flexible couplings come in various materials, including aluminum, stainless steel, elastomers, and composite materials, depending on the application’s requirements.
- Operating Speed: Oldham couplings are suitable for moderate to high rotational speeds, but their speed limitations depend on the material and design. Some other flexible couplings, such as bellows couplings, can handle even higher speeds due to their construction.
- Applications: Oldham couplings are commonly used in applications that require moderate torque transmission and angular misalignment compensation, such as pumps, packaging machines, and automation equipment. Other flexible couplings are used in a wide range of applications, including motion control systems, robotics, aerospace, and automotive industries, where specific coupling characteristics are needed.
Choosing the right flexible coupling depends on the specific requirements of the application, including torque, misalignment, speed, space constraints, and environmental conditions. Engineers and designers should carefully consider these factors to select the most appropriate coupling for their mechanical system.
How an Oldham Coupling Accommodates Misalignment Between Shafts
An Oldham coupling accommodates misalignment between shafts through its unique design, which consists of three main components:
- Two Hubs: Each hub is attached to the shaft of the connected equipment. The hubs have a series of slots around their circumference.
- Middle Block: The middle block fits between the two hubs and has perpendicular slots on its inner diameter. It connects the two hubs while allowing relative movement between them.
When the shafts experience angular or axial misalignment, the middle block slides within the slots of both hubs. The perpendicular slots on the middle block engage with the slots on the hubs, creating a parallelogram linkage.
This parallelogram linkage allows the Oldham coupling to compensate for angular misalignment by enabling the hubs to rotate independently about their own axes. The sliding action of the middle block accommodates axial misalignment by allowing the hubs to move slightly closer or farther apart.
The use of sliding contact instead of direct physical contact between the hubs minimizes friction, backlash, and wear, making the Oldham coupling an efficient and reliable method for transmitting torque while accommodating misalignment.
Overall, the Oldham coupling’s ability to handle both angular and axial misalignment ensures smooth and precise torque transmission between shafts, reducing stress on connected equipment and extending the lifespan of mechanical components.
editor by CX 2024-02-12